我們可能會(huì)聽(tīng)到一次性紙盒中會(huì)有聚合物，那么這又是什么呢？

We may hear polymer in disposable paper boxes, so what is this?

有機(jī)高分子材料（又稱(chēng)聚合物或高聚物材料）是現(xiàn)代材料科學(xué)中的重要組成部分，其本質(zhì)是由一種或多種結(jié)構(gòu)單元（單體）通過(guò)共價(jià)鍵重復(fù)連接形成的超大分子化合物，分子量范圍通常在10?-10?之間。

Organic polymer materials (also known as polymers or polymer materials) are an important component of modern materials science. They are essentially super molecular compounds formed by the repeated covalent bonding of one or more structural units (monomers), with a molecular weight range typically between 10 ? -10 ?.

這類(lèi)材料根據(jù)來(lái)源可分為兩大類(lèi)：一類(lèi)是自然界中天然存在的高分子物質(zhì)，如纖維素、蛋白質(zhì)、天然橡膠等；另一類(lèi)則是通過(guò)人工合成方法制備的高分子材料，包括合成橡膠、合成樹(shù)脂、合成纖維等非天然聚合物。從應(yīng)用角度分類(lèi)，高分子材料主要可分為塑料、橡膠和纖維三大類(lèi)，其中塑料作為應(yīng)用最廣泛的品類(lèi)，在現(xiàn)代生活中扮演著不可或缺的角色。

These materials can be divided into two categories based on their sources: one is naturally occurring high molecular weight substances in nature, such as cellulose, protein, natural rubber, etc; Another type is polymer materials prepared through artificial synthesis methods, including non natural polymers such as synthetic rubber, synthetic resin, synthetic fibers, etc. From an application perspective, polymer materials can be mainly divided into three categories: plastics, rubber, and fibers. Among them, plastics, as the most widely used category, play an indispensable role in modern life.

塑料是以單體為原料，通過(guò)加聚反應(yīng)或縮聚反應(yīng)形成的高分子化合物，其力學(xué)性能介于纖維和橡膠之間，具有適中的抗形變能力。從組成來(lái)看，塑料是由合成樹(shù)脂基體配合多種功能性添加劑復(fù)合而成，這些添加劑包括改善加工性能的潤(rùn)滑劑、增強(qiáng)力學(xué)性能的填料、提高耐候性的穩(wěn)定劑、增加柔韌性的增塑劑以及賦予顏色的色料等。

Plastic is a high molecular weight compound formed from monomers through addition or condensation reactions. Its mechanical properties are between fibers and rubber, and it has moderate resistance to deformation. From a composition perspective, plastics are composed of a synthetic resin matrix combined with various functional additives, including lubricants that improve processing performance, fillers that enhance mechanical properties, stabilizers that improve weather resistance, plasticizers that increase flexibility, and colorants that impart color.

需要特別說(shuō)明的是，樹(shù)脂作為塑料的主要成分，特指未添加任何助劑的純高分子化合物。有趣的是，"樹(shù)脂"這一術(shù)語(yǔ)的起源與動(dòng)植物分泌的天然脂質(zhì)有關(guān)，如松香、蟲(chóng)膠等天然樹(shù)脂，這種命名方式反映了材料科學(xué)發(fā)展的歷史脈絡(luò)。

It should be noted that resin, as the main component of plastics, specifically refers to pure polymer compounds without any additives added. It is interesting that the origin of the term "resin" is related to natural lipids secreted by animals and plants, such as rosin, cordyceps, and other natural resins. This naming convention reflects the historical development of materials science.

從認(rèn)知角度觀察，公眾對(duì)這類(lèi)材料的理解存在明顯的"術(shù)語(yǔ)效應(yīng)"：當(dāng)使用"塑料"這一日常用語(yǔ)時(shí)，人們會(huì)立即聯(lián)想到各種價(jià)廉物美的日用品；而改用"有機(jī)高分子材料"這一學(xué)術(shù)稱(chēng)謂時(shí)，往往會(huì)產(chǎn)生認(rèn)知距離。這種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象生動(dòng)體現(xiàn)了科技傳播中專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)與大眾語(yǔ)言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換難題。

From a cognitive perspective, there is a clear "terminology effect" in the public's understanding of such materials: when using the commonly used term "plastic", people immediately associate it with various cheap and high-quality daily necessities; When using the academic term 'organic polymer materials', it often creates cognitive distance. This linguistic phenomenon vividly reflects the difficulty of converting professional terminology into popular language in technology communication.

從歷史發(fā)展維度來(lái)看，塑料的工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)始于20世紀(jì)初，雖然其在西方國(guó)家的普及歷程有待考證，但就中國(guó)而言，塑料制品的全面推廣具有明顯的時(shí)代特征。上世紀(jì)80年代的中國(guó)農(nóng)村，日常生活用品仍以傳統(tǒng)的金屬、陶瓷、木質(zhì)材料為主，隨著改革開(kāi)放后輕工業(yè)的發(fā)展，塑料制品憑借其輕便、耐用、價(jià)廉等優(yōu)勢(shì)迅速取代傳統(tǒng)材料，完成了從稀缺品到必需品的轉(zhuǎn)變，這一過(guò)程不僅改變了國(guó)人的生活方式，也反映了中國(guó)現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中的物質(zhì)文化變遷。

From the perspective of historical development, the industrial production of plastics began in the early 20th century. Although its popularity in Western countries remains to be verified, in China, the comprehensive promotion of plastic products has obvious characteristics of the times. In China's rural areas in the 1980s, the daily necessities were still dominated by traditional metal, ceramic and wood materials. With the development of light industry after the reform and opening up, plastic products quickly replaced traditional materials by virtue of their advantages such as lightness, durability and low price, and completed the transformation from scarce goods to necessities. This process not only changed the lifestyle of countrymen, but also reflected the material and cultural changes in China's modernization process.

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